Thursday, November 22, 2018
Diagnosis
Syphilis can be diagnosed by testing samples of:- Blood. Blood tests can confirm the presence of antibodies that the body produces to fight infection. The antibodies to the bacteria that cause syphilis remain in your body for years, so the test can be used to determine a current or past infection.
- Cerebral spinal fluid. If it's suspected that you have nervous system complications of syphilis, your doctor may also suggest collecting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid through a procedure called a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).
Treatment
When diagnosed and treated in its early stages, syphilis is easy to cure. The preferred treatment at all stages is penicillin, an antibiotic medication that can kill the organism that causes syphilis. If you're allergic to penicillin, your doctor will suggest another antibiotic.A single injection of penicillin can stop the disease from progressing if you've been infected for less than a year. If you've had syphilis for longer than a year, you may need additional doses.
Penicillin is the only recommended treatment for pregnant women with syphilis. Women who are allergic to penicillin can undergo a desensitization process that may allow them to take penicillin. Even if you're treated for syphilis during your pregnancy, your newborn child should also receive antibiotic treatment.
The first day you receive treatment you may experience what's known as the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. Signs and symptoms include a fever, chills, nausea, achy pain and headache. This reaction usually doesn't last more than one day.
Treatment follow-up
After you're treated for syphilis, your doctor will ask you to:- Have periodic blood tests and exams to make sure you're responding to the usual dosage of penicillin
- Avoid sexual contact until the treatment is completed and blood tests indicate the infection has been cured
- Notify your sex partners so that they can be tested and get treatment if necessary
- Be tested for HIV infection
Share:
Test ID: TPPA
Syphilis Antibody by TP-PA, Serum
Useful For 
An aid to resolve discrepant results between
screening treponemal (eg, enzyme immunoassay [EIA], multiplex flow
immunoassay) and nontreponemal (eg, rapid plasma regain) assays
Testing Algorithm
See Syphilis Serology Algorithm in Special Instructions.
Clinical Information
Syphilis is a disease caused by infection with the spirochete Treponema pallidum. The infection is systemic and the disease is characterized by periods of latency. These features, together with the fact that T pallidum
cannot be isolated in culture, mean that serologic techniques play a
major role in the diagnosis and follow-up of treatment for syphilis.
Syphilis is categorized by an early primary infection in which patients may have non-specific symptoms, and potentially, genital lesions. Patients tested by serology during the primary phase may be negative for antibodies, especially if testing is performed during the first 1 to 2 weeks after symptom onset. As the disease progresses into the secondary phase, antibodies to T pallidum reach peak titers, and may persist indefinitely regardless of the disease state or prior therapy. Therefore, detection of antibodies to nontreponemal antigens, such as cardiolipin (a lipoidal antigen released by host cells damaged by T pallidum) may help to differentiate between active and past syphilis infection. Nontreponemal antibodies are detected by the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) assay, which is typically positive during current infection and negative following treatment or during late/latent forms of syphilis.
For prenatal syphilis screening, the syphilis IgG test (SYPGN / Syphilis Antibody, IgG, Serum) is recommended. Testing for IgM-class antibodies to T pallidum should not be performed during routine pregnancy screening unless clinically indicated.
Historically, the serologic testing algorithm for syphilis included an initial nontreponemal screening test, such as the RPR or the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) tests. Because these tests measure the host's antibody response to nontreponemal antigens, they may lack specificity. Therefore, a positive result by RPR or VDRL requires confirmation by a treponemal-specific test, such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) or the T pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA). Although the FTA-ABS and TP-PA are technically simple to perform, they are labor intensive and require subjective interpretation by testing personnel.
Due to the low prevalence of syphilis in the United States, the increased specificity of treponemal assays, and the objective interpretation of automated treponemal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and multiplex flow immunoassays (MFI), many large clinical laboratories have switched to screening for syphilis using a reverse algorithm. Per this algorithm, serum samples are first tested by an automated treponemal assay (eg, EIA or MFI). Specimens testing positive by these assays are then reflexed to the RPR assay to provide an indication of the patient's disease state and history of treatment. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that specimens testing positive by a screening treponemal assay and negative by RPR be tested by a second treponemal test (eg, TP-PA). The results of TP-PA assist in determining whether the results of a screening treponemal test are truly or falsely positive.
Syphilis is categorized by an early primary infection in which patients may have non-specific symptoms, and potentially, genital lesions. Patients tested by serology during the primary phase may be negative for antibodies, especially if testing is performed during the first 1 to 2 weeks after symptom onset. As the disease progresses into the secondary phase, antibodies to T pallidum reach peak titers, and may persist indefinitely regardless of the disease state or prior therapy. Therefore, detection of antibodies to nontreponemal antigens, such as cardiolipin (a lipoidal antigen released by host cells damaged by T pallidum) may help to differentiate between active and past syphilis infection. Nontreponemal antibodies are detected by the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) assay, which is typically positive during current infection and negative following treatment or during late/latent forms of syphilis.
For prenatal syphilis screening, the syphilis IgG test (SYPGN / Syphilis Antibody, IgG, Serum) is recommended. Testing for IgM-class antibodies to T pallidum should not be performed during routine pregnancy screening unless clinically indicated.
Historically, the serologic testing algorithm for syphilis included an initial nontreponemal screening test, such as the RPR or the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) tests. Because these tests measure the host's antibody response to nontreponemal antigens, they may lack specificity. Therefore, a positive result by RPR or VDRL requires confirmation by a treponemal-specific test, such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) or the T pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA). Although the FTA-ABS and TP-PA are technically simple to perform, they are labor intensive and require subjective interpretation by testing personnel.
Due to the low prevalence of syphilis in the United States, the increased specificity of treponemal assays, and the objective interpretation of automated treponemal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and multiplex flow immunoassays (MFI), many large clinical laboratories have switched to screening for syphilis using a reverse algorithm. Per this algorithm, serum samples are first tested by an automated treponemal assay (eg, EIA or MFI). Specimens testing positive by these assays are then reflexed to the RPR assay to provide an indication of the patient's disease state and history of treatment. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that specimens testing positive by a screening treponemal assay and negative by RPR be tested by a second treponemal test (eg, TP-PA). The results of TP-PA assist in determining whether the results of a screening treponemal test are truly or falsely positive.
Reference Values
Negative
Interpretation
Syphilis screening at Mayo Clinic is performed by using the reverse algorithm, which first tests sera for Treponema pallidum
specific IgG antibodies using an automated multiplex flow immunoassay
(MFI).(3) IgG antibodies to syphilis can remain elevated despite
appropriate antimicrobial treatment and a reactive result does not
distinguish between recent or past infection. To further evaluate
disease and treatment status, samples that are reactive by the syphilis
IgG screening test are reflexed to the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) assay,
which detects antibodies to cardiolipin, a lipoidal antigen released
from host cells damaged by T pallidum.(2)
Unlike treponemal-specific antibodies, RPR titers decrease and usually
become undetectable following appropriate treatment and can be used to
monitor response to therapy.
In some patients, the results of the treponemal screening test (syphilis IgG) and RPR may be discordant (eg, syphilis IgG positive and RPR negative). To discriminate between a falsely reactive screening result and past syphilis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends performing a second treponemal-specific antibody test using a method that is different from the initial screening test (eg, T pallidum particle agglutination; TP-PA).(2)
In the setting of a positive syphilis IgG screening result and a negative RPR, a positive TP-PA result is consistent with either 1) past, successfully treated syphilis, 2) early syphilis with undetectable RPR titers, or 3) late/latent syphilis in patients who do not have a history of treatment for syphilis. Further historical evaluation is necessary to distinguish between these scenarios (Table 1).
In the setting of a positive syphilis IgG screening result and a negative RPR, a negative TP-PA result is most consistent with a falsely reactive syphilis IgG screen (Table 1). If syphilis remains clinically suspected, a second specimen should be submitted, order SYGR / Syphilis IgG Antibody with Reflex, Serum.
Table 1. Interpretation and follow-up of reverse screening results
CIA,
chemiluminescence immunoassay; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; MFI, multiplex
flow immunoassay; N/A, not applicable; RPR, rapid plasma reagin; TP-PA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination.
http://www.cdc.gov/std/treetment/2010/
In some patients, the results of the treponemal screening test (syphilis IgG) and RPR may be discordant (eg, syphilis IgG positive and RPR negative). To discriminate between a falsely reactive screening result and past syphilis, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends performing a second treponemal-specific antibody test using a method that is different from the initial screening test (eg, T pallidum particle agglutination; TP-PA).(2)
In the setting of a positive syphilis IgG screening result and a negative RPR, a positive TP-PA result is consistent with either 1) past, successfully treated syphilis, 2) early syphilis with undetectable RPR titers, or 3) late/latent syphilis in patients who do not have a history of treatment for syphilis. Further historical evaluation is necessary to distinguish between these scenarios (Table 1).
In the setting of a positive syphilis IgG screening result and a negative RPR, a negative TP-PA result is most consistent with a falsely reactive syphilis IgG screen (Table 1). If syphilis remains clinically suspected, a second specimen should be submitted, order SYGR / Syphilis IgG Antibody with Reflex, Serum.
Table 1. Interpretation and follow-up of reverse screening results
| Patient history | Test and result | Interpretation | Follow-up | ||
| EIA/CIA/MFI | RPR | TP-PA | |||
| Unknown history of syphilis | Non-reactive | N/A | N/A | No serologic evidence of syphilis | None, unless clinically indicated (eg, early syphilis) |
| Unknown history of syphilis | Reactive | Reactive | N/A | Untreated or recently treated syphilis | See CDC treatment guidelines |
| Unknown history of syphilis | Reactive | Non-reactive | Non-reactive | Probable false-positive screening test | No follow-up testing, unless clinically indicated |
| Unknown history of syphilis | Reactive | Non-reactive | Reactive | Possible syphilis (eg, early or latent) or previously treated syphilis | Historical and clinical evaluation required |
| Known history of syphilis | Reactive | Non-reactive | Reactive or N/A | Past, successfully treated syphilis | None |
http://www.cdc.gov/std/treetment/2010/
Cautions
Testing by only Treponema pallidum
particle agglutination (TP-PA) is not recommended for general screening
purposes for syphilis. TP-PA should only be requested when:
1. The results of a treponemal screening test (eg, enzyme immunoassay [EIA] or multiplex flow immunoassay; MFI) and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) are discordant (eg, syphilis IgG-positive, RPR-negative)
2. A laboratory screens for syphilis using RPR and is in need of a treponemal confirmatory test.
Interpretation of results obtained with the Serodia TP-PA syphilis antibody test must be used in conjunction with the patient's clinical symptoms, medical history and other clinical and laboratory findings.
Serodia TP-PA assay is less sensitive than the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test in untreated primary syphilis but compares favorably in all other stages of syphilis.
Serodia TP-PA assay should not be used to evaluate response to therapy since treponemal tests tend to remain reactive following treatment for syphilis.
Serodia TP-PA assay may be reactive in a small percentage (<1%) of normal or healthy persons. These false-positive results are often transient with unknown cause. False-positive results may occur in association with other underlying illnesses.
Serodia TP-PA may be reactive in persons from areas endemic for yaws or pinta.
Serodia TP-PA performs best in populations at risk for T pallidum infection.
False-positive or inconclusive results for this assay may be seen in patients with HIV, leprosy, toxoplasmosis, or Helicobacter pylori.
1. The results of a treponemal screening test (eg, enzyme immunoassay [EIA] or multiplex flow immunoassay; MFI) and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) are discordant (eg, syphilis IgG-positive, RPR-negative)
2. A laboratory screens for syphilis using RPR and is in need of a treponemal confirmatory test.
Interpretation of results obtained with the Serodia TP-PA syphilis antibody test must be used in conjunction with the patient's clinical symptoms, medical history and other clinical and laboratory findings.
Serodia TP-PA assay is less sensitive than the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test in untreated primary syphilis but compares favorably in all other stages of syphilis.
Serodia TP-PA assay should not be used to evaluate response to therapy since treponemal tests tend to remain reactive following treatment for syphilis.
Serodia TP-PA assay may be reactive in a small percentage (<1%) of normal or healthy persons. These false-positive results are often transient with unknown cause. False-positive results may occur in association with other underlying illnesses.
Serodia TP-PA may be reactive in persons from areas endemic for yaws or pinta.
Serodia TP-PA performs best in populations at risk for T pallidum infection.
False-positive or inconclusive results for this assay may be seen in patients with HIV, leprosy, toxoplasmosis, or Helicobacter pylori.
Supportive Data
Accuracy:
The Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay was compared to the BioPlex 2200 syphilis IgG multiplex flow immunoassays (MFI) assay using 1,200 serum specimens (1,100 prospective and 100 previously characterized sera). The results are summarized in Table 2:
Table 2. Comparison of the BioPlex 2200 syphilis IgG and TP-PA assays using serum samples (n=1,200)
Sensitivity = 90.18%; (95% confidence interval, 83.15%-94.61%)
Specificity = 99.6%; (95% confidence interval, 99.0%-99.9%)
Overall percent agreement = 98.7%; (95% confidence interval, 96.3%-100%)
All discrepant samples tested negative by rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Precision:
For interassay precision, 1 negative (TP-PA titer <1:80), 1 low-positive (1:80), 1 mid-positive (1:320), and 1 high-positive (1:1280) serum specimen were tested by TP-PA over 10 separate days and showed 100% agreement with the expected result for each category of results.
For intraassay precision, a negative, low-positive, and high-positive serum specimen were tested 20 times in a single run and showed 100% agreement for each category of results.
Reference Range:
The expected result is negative for this test. To validate reference range, testing of sera collected from 50 healthy blood donors showed a reactive rate of 2% (1/50) by TP-PA. The positive sample was also determined to be positive by the BioPlex syphilis IgG assay.
Reportable Range:
The TP-PA is reported as positive, negative, or indeterminate.
Analytic Specificity:
Testing of sera (n=58) known to be positive for antibodies to other microorganisms/conditions (n =30) or from pregnant females (n=28) showed a positive rate of 0% (0/58) by TP-PA. See Table 3 for a list of samples included in the cross-reactivity panel.
Table 3. Cross-reactivity panel tested by TP-PA to assess analytical specificity
The Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay was compared to the BioPlex 2200 syphilis IgG multiplex flow immunoassays (MFI) assay using 1,200 serum specimens (1,100 prospective and 100 previously characterized sera). The results are summarized in Table 2:
Table 2. Comparison of the BioPlex 2200 syphilis IgG and TP-PA assays using serum samples (n=1,200)
| BioPlex syphilis IgG MFI assay | ||||
| Fujirebio TP-PA | Positive | Negative | No result | |
| Positive | 101 | 3 | 0 | |
| Negative | 11 | 1083 | 1 | |
| Indeterminate | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Sensitivity = 90.18%; (95% confidence interval, 83.15%-94.61%)
Specificity = 99.6%; (95% confidence interval, 99.0%-99.9%)
Overall percent agreement = 98.7%; (95% confidence interval, 96.3%-100%)
All discrepant samples tested negative by rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Precision:
For interassay precision, 1 negative (TP-PA titer <1:80), 1 low-positive (1:80), 1 mid-positive (1:320), and 1 high-positive (1:1280) serum specimen were tested by TP-PA over 10 separate days and showed 100% agreement with the expected result for each category of results.
For intraassay precision, a negative, low-positive, and high-positive serum specimen were tested 20 times in a single run and showed 100% agreement for each category of results.
Reference Range:
The expected result is negative for this test. To validate reference range, testing of sera collected from 50 healthy blood donors showed a reactive rate of 2% (1/50) by TP-PA. The positive sample was also determined to be positive by the BioPlex syphilis IgG assay.
Reportable Range:
The TP-PA is reported as positive, negative, or indeterminate.
Analytic Specificity:
Testing of sera (n=58) known to be positive for antibodies to other microorganisms/conditions (n =30) or from pregnant females (n=28) showed a positive rate of 0% (0/58) by TP-PA. See Table 3 for a list of samples included in the cross-reactivity panel.
Table 3. Cross-reactivity panel tested by TP-PA to assess analytical specificity
| Antibody or condition tested: | Number of samples tested by TP-PA |
| Epstein Barr VCA IgG | 5 |
| Epstein Barr VCA IgM | 5 |
| HSV IgG | 5 |
| HSV IgM | 2 |
| Lyme IgM/IgG | 5 |
| Heterophile antibody | 5 |
| Rheumatoid factor | 3 |
| Pregnancy | 28 |
Clinical Reference
1. Tramont EC: Treponema pallidum
(Syphilis). In Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Fifth
edition. Edited by GL Mandell, JE Bennet, R Dolin. New York Churchill
Livingstone, 2000, pp 2474-2491
2. CDC. Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening-five laboratories, United States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60(5):133-137
3. Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Rollins LO: Direct comparison of the traditional and reverse syphilis screening algorithms in a population with a low prevalence of syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 2012 Jan;50(1):148-150
2. CDC. Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening-five laboratories, United States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60(5):133-137
3. Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Rollins LO: Direct comparison of the traditional and reverse syphilis screening algorithms in a population with a low prevalence of syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 2012 Jan;50(1):148-150
Special Instructions
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)