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Wednesday, October 28, 2015

Dead could be kept alive, interacted in future: UK academic

  • Dead could be kept alive, interacted in future: UK academic

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Dead could be kept alive, interacted in future: UK academic

PTI | Oct 28, 2015, 08.36 PM IST
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LONDON: Deceased family members in future could be brought back to life, interacted with and kept alive forever in a virtual reality accurately created from their movements and social media history, a UK-based academic has claimed.

Computers will be advanced enough in around 50 years that they can create "synthetic digital life" based upon people's past movements, preferences and history on social media, Simon McKeown, a reader in Animation and Post Production at Teesside University in Middlesborough, has said.

These avatars would be created using a process called "photogrammetry", which can accurately reconstruct a virtual 3D shape of a human being from existing photographs and video.

Computer voice synthesis will take into account local and regional accents to deliver a more accurate representation of what they sounded like.

Dubbing the idea as 'Preserved Memories', McKeown claims that people would be able to construct a reality to avoid ever having to say goodbye to loved ones.

"In the future with Preserved Memories, you will never have to experience the loss of a loved one. You will be able to add to your family tree and select new family members, including famous faces and legends, all of whom will already know about you," McKeown was quoted as saying by 'The Telegraph'.

"Using emotion-sensitive human-computer interaction our artificially intelligent participants continue to acquire ongoing knowledge long after their death - they evolve digitally and do not die," he said.

Showcasing 'Preserved Memories' at an exhibition in Prague, McKeown said this life form will be up to date and informed of "your daily activities through GPS, Wifi, health and fitness tracking, consumer records and much more."

"They will know if you have passed your exam, driving test, flown on holiday, bought new shoes, ditched your boyfriend. They will know what you tell it on social media and also by the constant tracking that occurs every day," he said.

McKeown said our prime data feeds meant digital participants instantly know what we have done and can sense our physical mood and excitement.
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  • Law on surrogacy limits use of a donor’s sperm
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Common heartburn drugs may damage your kidney

IANS | Oct 28, 2015, 07.51 PM IST
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Common heartburn drugs may damage your kidney
Representative image.
NEW YORK: Increased use of certain medications commonly used to treat heartburn and acid reflux may have damaging effects on the kidneys, say researchers, including one of Indian-origin.

The researchers looked at the effects of the drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on chronic kidney disease (CKD).

In one study, Pradeep Arora from State University of New York and his team found that among 24,149 patients who developed CKD between 2001 and 2008 (out of a total of 71,516 patients), 25.7 per cent were treated with PPIs.

PPI use was linked with a 10 per cent increased risk of CKD and a 76 per cent increased risk of dying prematurely.

"As a large number of patients are being treated with PPIs, health care providers need to be better educated about the potential side effects of these drugs, such as CKD," Arora pointed out.

In another study, Benjamin Lazarus from Johns Hopkins University and his colleagues followed 10,482 adults with normal kidney function from 1996 to 2011.

They found that PPI users were between 20 per cent and 50 per cent more likely to develop CKD than non-PPI users, even after accounting for baseline differences between users and non-users.

This discovery was replicated in a second study, in which over 240,000 patients were followed from 1997 to 2014.

"In both studies, people who used a different class of medications to suppress stomach acid, known as H2-blockers, did not have a higher risk of developing kidney disease," Lazarus pointed out.

"If we know the potential adverse effects of PPI medications we can design better interventions to reduce overuse," Lazarus noted.

The findings will be presented at ASN (American Society of Nephrology) Kidney Week 2015 to be held at San Diego Convention Centre from November 3-8.
Posted by Bamr Mann bombaymann@gmail.com at 8:13 PM No comments:
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Sunday, October 25, 2015

the man was actually his son's uncle.--the father of the boy is effectively the man's own unborn twin.


'Human chimera': Man fails paternity test because genes in his saliva are different to those in sperm

Shehab Khan,The Independent | Oct 25, 2015, 02.46 PM IST
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'Human chimera': Man fails paternity test because genes in his saliva are different to those in sperm
File Photo: A DNA model (AFP)
A man from Washington has reportedly been informed that the father of his son is effectively his unborn brother.

The 34-year-old man is the first ever reported case of a paternity test being fooled by a human chimera, someone with extra genes absorbed from a twin lost in early pregnancy.

Approximately one in eight single childbirths are thought to start as multiple pregnancies and occasionally cells from the miscarried siblings are sometimes absorbed in the womb by a surviving twin.

According to Buzzfeed, the Washington couple took a paternity test after their son's blood type didn't match that of either parent. After having a child with the help of fertility clinic procedures, they feared that sperm donors may have potentially been mixed up.

After the initial failed fertility test, they took a genetic ancestry test which suggested that the man was actually his son's uncle.

The father's sperm was found to have 10 per cent of a genetic match to the infant. The genes in his sperm were different to that in his saliva and it has been concluded that the father of the boy is effectively the man's own unborn twin.

There have been chimera cases in the past. Karen Keegan from Boston found that her blood cells had one set of genes and her ovaries held distinctly different ones. Those ovaries had produced the eggs that led to two of Keegan's sons holding genes different from her own.

The true genetic mother was a twin sister that she never knew and who was never born.

Searches for chimeras are incredibly complicated as the genes only feature in detectable amounts in very few organs. As more people turn to fertility clinics to help them have children, chimerism may become more common, as fertility treatments are more likely to lead to multiple births.
Posted by Bamr Mann bombaymann@gmail.com at 10:49 PM No comments:
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Organs on Demand- 3D Printers Could Build Hearts, Arteries-With consumer-level 3D printers that cost less than $1,000


Organs on Demand- 3D Printers Could Build Hearts, Arteries

by Charles Q. Choi, Live Science Contributor   |   October 23, 2015 02:20pm ET
Bioprinted Coronary Artery
A 3D printer creating a coronary artery structure.
Credit: Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering
View full size image
Off-the-shelf 3D printers could one day help create living organs to aid in repairing the human body, researchers say.
Scientists have developed a way to 3D print models of various anatomical structures, including hearts, brains, arteries and bones. In the future, this process could be used to create 3D-printed soft implants in which living tissue can grow to form organs. Another application for this innovative technology could be food printers, reminiscent of the replicators seen on the TV show "Star Trek," the scientists added.
A 3D printer is a machine that creates items from a wide variety of materials: plastic, ceramic, glass, metal and even more unusual ingredients, such as living cells. The device works by depositing layers of material, just as ordinary printers lay down ink, except 3D printers can also lay down flat layers on top of each other to build 3D objects. [7 Cool Uses of 3D Printing in Medicine]

Conventional 3D printers manufacture objects from rigid materials, with each layer receiving a sturdy foundation from the layers below. However, printing soft materials has proven to be difficult, akin to building an object out of Jell-O.
"Metals, ceramics and stiff polymers have been 3D printed for many, many years, but soft materials, those that can deform under their own weight, have been more challenging to support during the print process," said Adam Feinberg, a biomedical engineer at Carnegie Mellon University and senior author of the new study.
Researchers have used 3D printers to create rigid medical devices customized for individual patients; those devices include hearing aids, dental implants and prosthetic hands. However, using 3D printers to create soft implants, a process known as bioprinting, could provide alternatives to traditional transplants for repairing or replacing damaged organs, Feinberg said.
"The potential applications we envision are in the area of tissue engineering — essentially, 3D printing scaffolds and cells to regrow tissues and organs," Feinberg told Live Science.
The scientists have developed a way of 3D printing soft materials inside a bath of supportive fluid that contains gelatin powder, similar to the type that can be found in a supermarket.
"We print one gel inside of another gel, which allows us to accurately position the soft material as it's being printed, layer by layer," Feinberg said in a statement.
Using medical imaging data, the researchers used their new technique, called FRESH, or "Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels," to print simplified, proof-of-concept anatomical structures. These were made of a variety of biological materials, such as the collagen found in tendons and ligaments. The test structures included a human femur, a human coronary artery, a five-day embryonic chick heart and the external folds of a human brain. [5 Crazy Technologies That Are Revolutionizing Biotech]
The models were printed with a resolution of about 200 microns, the researchers said. (In comparison, the average human hair is about 100 microns wide.)
"We can take materials like collagen, fibrin and alginate, which are the types of materials the body uses to build itself, and 3D print them," Feinberg said. "We can now build tissue-engineering scaffolds using these materials in incredibly complex structures that more closely match those of real tissues and organs in the body." (Fibrin helps make up blood clots, while alginate is found in many seaweeds.)
In this new technique, the support gel around the 3D structures can be easily melted away and removed by heating it to body temperature. Such temperatures would not damage any delicate biological molecules or living cells printed out in the method, the scientists said.
The researchers cautioned that they have not yet bioprinted organs. "This work is an important step in that direction by enabling us to use biological materials that we believe are necessary to do this," Feinberg said. "However, years of research are still required."
In the future, the researchers plan to incorporate real heart cells into their work, they said. The 3D-printed structures will serve as scaffolds in which the cells can grow and form heart muscle.
Bioprinting living cells is a growing field, but, until now, most 3D bioprinters retailed for more than $100,000, or required specialized expertise to operate (or both), limiting the possibilities for the technique's widespread adoption. However, this new method can be done with consumer-level 3D printers that cost less than $1,000. It also uses open-source software that the researchers say they invite others to hack and improve.
"Our vision is that other research groups can take this technology and apply it broadly to other tissue-engineering and soft-materials 3D-printing challenges," Feinberg said.
The scientists detailed their findings online today (Oct. 23) in the journal Science Advances.
Posted by Bamr Mann bombaymann@gmail.com at 10:42 PM No comments:
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poster child for big pharmaceutical GREED.--Drug Goes From $13.50 a Tablet to $750, Overnight

Daraprim
NEW YORK — The company that hiked the price of Daraprim, a drug used to treat AIDS patients, is backing off. Pharmaceutical company Turing increased the price of a drug called Daraprim from $13.50 to $750 a pill and its CEO, Martin Shkreli, quickly became the focus of public anger.Sep 23, 2015
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Price being lowered on medicine that jumped from $13 to ...

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Drug Goes From $13.50 a Tablet to $750, Overnight - The ...

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Sep 20, 2015 - The price of the drug, called Daraprim, a standard of care for treating a life-threatening parasitic infection, went to $750 a tablet from $13.50.
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Pill that went from $13 to $750 now has a $1 rival
Times of India‎ - 1 day ago
In a demonstration of arbitrary pricing of medicines, pyremethamine, used to treat protozoal infections, went from $13 to $750 a pill in the US,
In a demonstration of arbitrary pricing of medicines, pyremethamine, used to treat protozoal infections, went from $13 to $750 a pill in the US, an over 5,000% increase, and down to $1 per pill for a new version, all in a span of just over a month. The new $1 pill is being produced by a small San Diego-based company called Imprimis Pharmaceuticals.

Daraprim, or branded pyremethamine, was bought from its producer by Turing Pharmaceuticals owned by a hedge fund manager Martin Shkreli, who then hiked the price to $750 becoming "the poster child for big pharmaceutical greed".

Despite widespread protest over the massive price hike of a 62-year-old off-patent drug, Shkreli failed to bring down the price after promising he would do so. Daraprim, which treats an uncommon parasitic infection, toxoplasmosis, is critical for treating immunocompromised patients of HIV/AIDS, cancer and pregnant women.
Image result for greedy man
Imprimis Pharmaceuticals is a compounding pharmacy, which in the US means a company which mixes approved drug ingredients to prepare medicines based on a doctor's prescription. This three-and-a-half year old company is producing a formulation of Daraprim's active ingredients, pyremethamine and leucovorin.

The Imprimis formulation is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but compounded formulations are allowed to be sold legally in the US as long as it is through a doctor's prescription. Compounding pharmacies do not need FDA approval unlike large pharma companies that mass produce drugs on complex production lines. The increasingly complicated regulations around FDA drug approval would have meant several years and millions of dollars for Imprimis and that would not have allowed it to keep the price affordable
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Cow Illnesses That Transfer to Humans//13 Animal-to-Human Diseases Kill 2.2 Million People


Use cow urine to clean hospitals, urges Mumbai corporator
Mid-Day‎ - 1 day ago

 Image result for human diseases caused by cow's urineAnthrax - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cutaneous[

13 Animal-to-Human Diseases Kill 2.2 Million People Each ...

www.livescience.com/21426-global-zoonoses-diseases-hotspots.html
Jul 6, 2012 - Just 13 zoonoses, or diseases that can spread between animals and ... Most human infections with zoonoses come from livestock, including ...


Cow Illnesses That Transfer to Humans | Animals - mom.me

animals.mom.me › Farm Animals
Not all diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans. Those that can make the leap from species to species are called zoonotic diseases. Without proper ...

[PDF]Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine(COW) Tuberculosis) in Humans

www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/mbovis.pdf
M. bovis is most commonly found in cattle and other animals such as bison, elk, and deer. In people ... How common is human disease with M. bovis? M. bovis ...

What infections can animals pass to people? - Health ...

www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/2451.aspx
Some human infections from animals are rarely found in the UK, including: ... Q fever – caused by contact with animals, most commonly sheep, cattle and goats, ... ...

Mad Cow Disease in Humans: Symptoms and Treatment

www.emedicinehealth.com › home › infections center › infections az list
Sep 8, 2015 - Mad cow disease is an infectious disease in the brain of cattle. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is the human form of mad cow

Respiratory syncytial virus infections in human beings and ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7806887
by WH Van der Poel - ‎1994 - ‎Cited by 111 - ‎Related articles
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in human beings and cattle all over the world. Most severe human respiratory

Milk-Borne Infectious Diseases From Microbes

infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/g/a/milkborne.htm
May 8, 2015 - M. bovis causes tuberculosis in cows and can be passed to humans via unpasteurized cow's milk, causing a disease that is very similar to M.

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    [PDF]Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine Tuberculosis) in Humans

    www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/mbovis.pdf
people was once common in the United States. This has been greatly reduced by decades of disease control in cattle and by routine pasteurization of cow's milk.

Mass Treatment of Humans Who Drank Unpasteurized Milk ...

www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056759.htm
Mar 26, 1999 - Mass Treatment of Humans Who Drank Unpasteurized Milk from Rabid ... Analysis with monoclonal antibodies revealed the cow was infected ...

Milk of Nonhuman Origin and Infectious Diseases in Humans

cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/610.full
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Milk is an essential food only in infancy, and human milk is preferable to other milks .... In dairy cows, it causes intestinal carriage, circling disease, encephalitis, ...

Cow's Milk: A Cruel and Unhealthy Product | Animals Used ...

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While cows suffer on factory farms, humans who drink their milk increase their chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and many other ailments.

Zoonotic Diseases of Cattle | Publications and Educational ...

https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-460/400-460.html
There are fifteen cattle diseases with zoonotic potential in the United States, ... Human brucellosis is prevented by not drinking unpasteurized dairy products, and ...

Dangers Of Milk And Dairy Products - The Facts - Rense.com

www.rense.com/general26/milk.htm
Cows diagnosed with Johne's Disease have diarrhea, and heavy fecal shedding of bacteria. ... So much for cow's milk being "natures perfect food" for humans!

Milk-Borne Infectious Diseases From Microbes

infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/g/a/milkborne.htm
May 8, 2015 - M. bovis causes tuberculosis in cows and can be passed to humans via unpasteurized cow's milk, causing a disease that is very similar to M.

Tuberculosis in humans and animals: are we a threat to ...

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It was likely that TB transmitted from infected milk to humans was a major ... Infection in cattle leads to economic harm to agriculture as animals cannot be traded.

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Cow's milk is promoted as the "perfect food" for humans, and especially for our children ... for human consumption, and that it can lead to many serious diseases.

Cow's Milk: A Cruel and Unhealthy Product | Animals Used ...

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While cows suffer on factory farms, humans who drink their milk increase their chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and many other ailments.

Dangers Of Milk And Dairy Products - The Facts - Rense.com

www.rense.com/general26/milk.htm
Cows diagnosed with Johne's Disease have diarrhea, and heavy fecal shedding of bacteria. ... So much for cow's milk being "natures perfect food" for humans!

Chemical Composition of Distilled Cow Urine: | Serve Cows

servecows.org/chemical-composition-of-distilled-cow-urine/
Serve Cows · Home; About us ... Urea CO(NH2): Affects urine formation and removal. ... Salt (NaCl): Decreases acidic contents of blood, germicidal. Vitamins A ...Chemical

Composition 

of

Distilled

Cow

Urine

..............................................................................................................
:
Nitrogen (N2, NH2): Removes blood abnormalities and toxins, Natural stimulant of urinary track, activates kidneys and it is diuretic.
Sulphur (S): Supports motion in large intestines. Cleanses blood.
Ammonia (NH3): Stabilize bile, mucus and air of body. Stabilizes blood formation.Copper (Cu): Controls built up of unwanted fats. Iron (Fe): Maintains balance and helps in production of red blood cells & hemoglobin. Stabilizes working power.
Urea CO(NH2): Affects urine formation and removal. Germicidal.
Uric Acid (C5H4N4O3): Removes heart swelling or inflammation. It is diuretic therefore destroys toxins.
Phosphate (P): Helps in removing stones from urinary track.
Sodium (Na): Purifies blood. Antacid.
Potassium (K): Cures hereditary rheumatism. Increases appetite. Removes muscular weakness and laziness.
Manganese (Mn): Germicidal, stops growth of germs, protects against decay due to gangrene.
Carbolic acid (HCOOH): Germicidal, stops growth of germs and decay due to gangrene.
Calcium (Ca): Blood purifier, bone strengthener, germicidal.
Salt (NaCl): Decreases acidic contents of blood, germicidal.
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E: Vitamin B is active ingredient for energetic life and saves from nervousness and thirst, strengthens bones and reproductive ingredient for energetic life and saves from nervousness and thirst, strengthens bones and reproductive power.
Other Minerals: Increase immunity.
Lactose (C6H12O6): Gives satisfaction., strengths heart, removes thirst and nervousness.
Enzymes: Make healthy digestive juices, increase immunity.
Water (H2O): It is a life giver. Maintains fluidity of blood, maintains body temperature.
Hipuric acid (CgNgNox): Removes toxins through urine.
Creatinin (C4HgN2O2): Germicide.
Aurum Hydroxide (AuOH): It is germicidal and increases immunity power. AuOH is highly antibiotic and anti-toxic.
================================================
Pathogenesis - EcL (The Escherichia coli Laboratory)
www.ecl-lab.ca
Potentially pathogenic bacteria are ingested by cattle and other ruminants (1) and colonize the intestinal tract, but do not cause any disease in these ...




Pathogenesis - EcL (The Escherichia coli Laboratory)
www.ecl-lab.ca498 × 335Search by image
Potentially pathogenic bacteria contaminating the environment are ingested by susceptible animals and enter the intestinal tract or enter via the respiratory tract (chickens) (1). These bacteria are considered to be opportunistic pathogens,

Common cattle diseases by Dr.Pavulraj.S, M.V.Sc., Pathology scholar, …
www.slideshare.net


The Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Bangladesh waste ...
file.scirp.org

Panchagavya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchagavya
Studies concerning ingesting individual components of Panchagavya, such as cow urine, have shown no positive benefit, and significant side effects, including ...
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BACTERIA IN URINE OF CATTLE:-

Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Large Animals

www.merckvetmanual.com/.../urinary.../infectious...urinary.../bovine_cy...
Bovine cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder of cattle that may ascend the ureters to cause infection of the kidneys (pyelonephritis). A similar condition ...
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New Research: Cow Pee Can Spread Antibiotic Resistance Through the Soil

By Lisa Raffensperger | November 12, 2012 12:50 pm
A row of cows' behinds
Antibiotic resistance is a well-known menace: Witness the dangers of hospital-acquired MRSA infections, or the totally drug-resistant tuberculosis found in India earlier this year. FDA statistics show that over 80 percent of antibiotics used in the US are given to livestock, and heavy animal use is thought to be one of the drivers of resistance among human pathogens. So it behooves veterinarians and public health officials alike to stamp out antibiotic resistance in animals.
In the hunt for how this resistance develops, though, scientists have been mostly looking at bacteria inside the digestive system. But it turns out they might have, er, the wrong end of things—a new study finds that drugs excreted in pee and feces may be even more worrisome than those circulating in the bloodstream.

As the antibiotic ceftiofur has become more widely used in cows to treat respiratory disease and infections, E. coli and Salmonella in their guts have become increasingly resistant to it. Similar drugs to ceftiofur are used in people to treat pneumonia and meningitis; the threat to human health is serious enough that earlier this year the FDA announced new restrictions on ceftiofur and its sister drugs. But the mystery has been how resistance develops in cattle. The drug is injected, not taken orally, and it doesn’t appear to act on cows’ guts.
To find out how resistance was spreading, Murugan Subbiah and colleagues at Washington State University first began with the fact that broken-down antibiotics have been found in cow feces and urine, and that these molecules are known to be lethal to bacteria. What remained to be seen, though, was whether urine could therefore shape the bacteria population in soil, encouraging resistant bacteria to spread.
In the study, published last week in PLoS One, the team had the icky task of collecting urine and feces from cows dosed with ceftiofur. When they mixed up cocktails of excrement and soil, they found that urine from treated cows killed off normal E. coli and encouraged the spread of the resistant ones. Thus, simply contaminating a patch of soil with pee may be enough to create resistant bacteria in the wild. And when dairy calves were given bedding sprayed with resistant E. coli, within a matter of days they showed resistant E. coli in their guts as well, showing how easily bacteria made resistant outside the cow’s body can leap into the cow’s guts.
Bacteria are well-known for swapping antibiotic-resistance genes amongst themselves, and this particular kind of resistance has been found to move easily between different species of bacteria. Thus resistant E. coli in the soil could spread their powers to numerous other kinds of pathogens also present there, including others that infect humans through meat or produce.
The scientists propose that if urine is to blame for passing on resistance, solutions may come easier—for instance, farmers may be convinced to change their waste management practices. Just don’t expect a cow potty anytime soon.
Image courtesy of St0rmz via Flickr.


M
A
W
M
A
W
M
A
W
M
A
W
E. coli
20
--
15
--
--
--
10
09
--
22
20
16
S. typhi
23
23
13
--
15
--
10
09
--
--
--
--
Prot.
vulgaris
13
15
15
15
15
16
10
17
12
11
15
--
B. subtilis
--
10
--
10
11
--
14
11
--
19
16
20
S. aureus
13
10
20
15
13
--
--
--
--
13
12
12
Signages: A: Acetone Extract;
M: Methanol Extract; W: Aqueous Extract; Zone of inhibition, in mm.
Signages: FU: Fresh Urine; SU: Sterile Urine; DU: Distilled Urine; PAU: Photo Activated Urine
Fig 1
Antimicrobial activity of different samples of cow urine
www.ijapbc.com
IJAPBC
–
Vol. 3(
4
),
Oct
-
Dec
, 2014
ISSN: 2277
-
4688
838
Table 1
Antimicrobial
activity of different samples of cow urine
.
Name of organism
FU
SU
DU
P AU
Escherichia coli
15
11
10
10
Proteus vulgaris
--
11
17
09
Salmonella typhi
20
15
--
20
Bacillus subtilis
16
11
09
12
Staphylococcus aureus
--
12
12
10
Aspergillus fumigatus
--
09
13
10
Candida albicans
--
08
11
07
Zone of inhibition, in mm.
Table 2
Antimicrobial activity of methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants.
Name of
organism
SATAVARI
TULSI
GUDUCHI
ASHWAGANDHA
M
A
W
M
A
W
M
A
W
M
A
W
E. coli
20
--
15
--
--
--
10
09
--
22
20
16
S. typhi
23
23
13
--
15
--
10
09
--
--
--
--
Prot.
vulgaris
13
15
15
15
15
16
10
17
12
11
15
--
B. subtilis
--
10
--
10
11
--
14
11
--
19
16
20
S. aureus
13
10
20
15
13
--
--
--
--
13
12
12
Signages: A: Acetone Extract;
M: Methanol Extract; W: Aqueous Extract; Zone of inhibition, in mm.
Signages: FU: Fresh Urine; SU: Sterile Urine; DU: Distilled Urine; PAU: Photo Activated Urine
Fig 1
Antimicrobial activity of different samples of cow urine
www.ijapbc.com
IJAPBC
–
Vol. 3(
4
),
Oct
-
Dec
, 2014
ISSN: 2277
-
4688
838
Table 1
Antimicrobial
activity of different samples of cow urine
.
Name of organism
FU
SU
DU
P AU
Escherichia coli
15
11
10
10
Proteus vulgaris
--
11
17
09
Salmonella typhi
20
15
--
20
Bacillus subtilis
16
11
09
12
Staphylococcus aureus
--
12
12
10
Aspergillus fumigatus
--
09
13
10
Candida albicans
--
08
11
07
Zone of inhibition, in mm.
Table 2
Antimicrobial activity of methanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of medicinal plants.
Name of
organism
SATAVARI
TULSI
GUDUCHI
ASHWAGANDHA
M
A
W
M
A
W
M
A
W
M
A
W
E. coli
20
--
15
--
--
--
10
09
--
22
20
16
S. typhi
23
23
13
--
15
--
10
09
--
--
--
--
Prot.
vulgaris
13
15
15
15
15
16
10
17
12
11
15
--
B. subtilis
--
10
--
10
11
--
14
11
--
19
16
20
S. aureus
13
10
20
15
13
--
--
--
--
13
12
12
Signages: A: Acetone Extract;
M: Methanol Extract; W: Aqueous Extract; Zone of inhibition, in mm.
Signages: FU: Fresh Urine; SU: Sterile Urine; DU: Distilled Urine; PAU: Photo Activated Urine
Fig 1
Antimicrobial activity of different samples of cow urine



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Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Large Animals


Bovine Cystitis and Pyelonephritis



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Topics in Infectious Diseases of the Urinary System in Large Animals
  • Bovine Cystitis and Pyelonephritis
  • Porcine Cystitis–Pyelonephritis Complex
  • Swine Kidney Worm Infection


Bovine Cystitis and Pyelonephritis


(Contagious bovine pyelonephritis)


Bovine cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder of cattle that may ascend the ureters to cause infection of the kidneys (pyelonephritis). A similar condition is seen in sheep. The condition is sporadic and worldwide in distribution. Cystitis and pyelonephritis are most often seen after parturition (in one study, the average days to onset after parturition was 83), with multiparous cows being at highest risk. In locations where the disease has been studied, the prevalence is low (<1%–2%). Cystitis and pyelonephritis are rare in male cattle.

Etiology and Pathogenesis


Formerly, the most common causative agents were the Corynebacterium renale group of bacteria, including C renale, C cystitidis, and C pilosum, as well as Escherichia coli; however, E coli and Trueperella (formerly Arcanobacterium or Corynebacterium) pyogenes are now the bacteria most frequently isolated from cows with pyelonephritis. Other opportunistic and environmental bacteria may be involved, including staphylococci and streptococci.


The most common causative bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and are common inhabitants of the vagina and prepuce. Pyelonephritis develops from an ascending infection from the bladder. Cystitis may be present without involving the ureters or ascending to the kidney until some event occurs that compromises the defense mechanism of the ureteral mucosa. The organisms attack or colonize the mucosal lining of the bladder and ureters usually after some traumatic insult (such as parturition or abnormal deformity of the vaginal tract). The stresses of parturition, peak lactation, and a high-protein diet (which increases the pH of the urine and is therefore conducive to colonization of the urinary tract by Corynebacterium spp) are all contributing factors. Routine catheterization of the bladder with nonsterile catheters may facilitate transmission of Corynebacterium spp from cow to cow. The decrease in the frequency of urinary catheterization has been associated with a decreased prevalence of Corynebacterium spp as a cause of pyelonephritis.

Clinical Findings and Lesions


The first sign observed may be the passage of blood-stained urine in an otherwise healthy cow. As the infection proceeds up the ureters, causing inflammation and subsequent involvement of the kidney, the animal exhibits discomfort manifest by frequent attempts to urinate, anorexia, a slight fever, loss of production, colic with restlessness, tail switching, polyuria, hematuria, or pyuria. In chronic cases, the animal may show colic, diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia, stranguria, and anemia. As the disease progresses, the bladder becomes thickened and inflamed. The ureters become thickened and dilated with a purulent exudate. The involved kidneys develop multiple small abscesses on the surface that may extend into the cortex and medulla.
Photographs
Pyelonephritis, chronic and acute
Pyelonephritis, chronic and acute

Diagnosis


Diagnosis is based on clinical signs; hematuria; a history of recent parturition; palpation of the left kidney for enlargement, loss of lobulation, and pain; ultrasonographic inspection of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; endoscopic inspection of the bladder for detection of cystitis; microscopic examination of the urine for WBCs and bacteria; dipstick screening for proteinuria and hematuria; and quantitative urine culture to identify the organism. The right kidney cannot be palpated per rectum, except for the caudal pole in Jersey cows and heifers. In early acute cases of pyelonephritis, enlarged ureters and involvement of the kidney may not be detectable on palpation per rectum. Typically, only one kidney is affected.

Treatment


Early diagnosis and prompt, sustained treatment are needed for a successful recovery. A catheterized urine sample should be taken for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The treatment of choice for pyelonephritis due to Corynebacterium spp is penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IM, bid) or trimethoprim-sulfadoxine (16 mg combined/kg, IM, bid) for ≥3 wk. The dosage, frequency, and length of administration for both of these drugs is extra-label, and adequate precautions must be taken to prevent antibiotic residues from entering the human food supply. E coli infections require a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Ceftiofur (1.1–2.2 mg/kg/day, IM or SC) or gentamicin (2.2 mg/kg, IM, bid) for ≥3 wk have been used successfully in some cases. Because of the extremely long tissue-depletion time, the aminoglycosides may not be indicated in food-producing animals. Manipulation of urine pH may theoretically be of value because E coli grow best in acidic urine (pH <7), whereas Corynebacterium spp grow best in alkaline urine (pH >7). Nonazotemic animals with pyelonephritis confined to one kidney may benefit from unilateral nephrectomy.

Even though the organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, affected animals should be isolated from the herd to restrict buildup of organisms. Because of suspicion that bulls may act as mechanical vectors of Corynebacterium spp, artificial insemination in herds with multiple animals affected may be considered.
Last full review/revision October 2014 by Peter D. Constable, BVSc (Hons), MS, PhD, DACVIM


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